Home / Peptides

SS-31

By The Health Stacks Research TeamUpdated July 28, 2026

SS-31 (Elamipretide) is a mitochondrial-targeting research peptide sold in lyophilized powder form. It is highlighted for its antioxidant properties and protective effects against kidney injury and mitochondrial dysfunction in preclinical models. For consumers and researchers, it requires careful handling: it should be stored frozen as a dry powder for long-term stability and reconstituted in bacteriostatic water or buffers for short-term refrigerated use.

Research-stageEarly-stage — studied in cell or animal models, not yet tested in humans. Low confidenceBelow 40 — limited or lower-quality sourcing. Verify independently before relying on this.
Where to Source SS-31
Tested purity COA available Fast shipping

What SS-31 Helps With

The benefits people report — backed by research.

Cardiovascular & vascular (23)

Cardiolipin Stabilization 85/100· 2 srcImproves heart systolic function 95/100Cardiolipin stabilization in the inner mitochondrial membrane 95/100Reduces left ventricular end-diastolic volume in HFrEF patients 95/100Stabilizes mitochondrial cardiolipin and electron transport chain supercomplexes 90/100Improves heart function in Barth syndrome 90/100Improved 6-minute walk distance in Barth syndrome 90/100Improves 6-minute walk distance in open-label extension 90/100Stabilizes cardiolipin-cytochrome c interaction 90/100Increases white blood cells, red blood cells, hemoglobin, and platelets 85/100Cardiolipin protection / Stabilizes cardiolipin 85/100Targets inner mitochondrial membrane by binding to cardiolipin 85/100SS-31 stabilizes cardiolipin and improves mitochondrial efficiency 85/100Stabilizes cardiac function in newborn with Barth syndrome-related cardiomyopathy 85/100Protects mitochondrial membranes and cardiolipin 85/100Reverses cardiac diastolic dysfunction 85/100Protects against kidney injury induced by ischemia-reperfusion 80/100Ameliorates mitochondrial dysfunction in septic cardiomyopathy 80/100Boosts blood flow to injuries 80/100Improvements in cardiac function biomarkers in heart failure 75/100Cardiac protection during ischemia-reperfusion injury 75/100Targets mitochondrial cardiolipin 72/100Stabilizes mitochondrial cardiolipin scaffold under stress 70/100

Energy & mitochondrial (17)

Treatment of Primary Mitochondrial Myopathy 95/100· 2 srcIncreases ATP production 95/100Boosts energy 90/100Improves Barth syndrome outcomes 90/100Targets mitochondrial dysfunction and stabilizes cristae structure 90/100Reduces mitochondrial ROS production 90/100Improves ATP synthesis 90/100Inhibits production of mitochondrial ROS 85/100Mitochondrial support / Restores mitochondrial function 85/100Restores mitochondrial bioenergetics 85/100Re-energizes ischemic mitochondria 85/100Improves mitochondrial bioenergetics and reduces ROS production 85/100Improved ATP production 85/100Stabilises mitochondrial cristae structure 85/100Functional improvements in Barth syndrome 80/100Improves Electron Transport Efficiency 80/100Mitochondrial biogenesis 80/100

Antioxidant / oxidative stress (7)

Reduces Oxidative Stress 85/100· 2 srcReduces mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production 90/100Oxidative stress reduction / Cuts ROS production 85/100Stabilizes cardiolipin to reduce reactive oxygen species leak 85/100Reduced reactive oxygen species 85/100Reduces reactive oxygen species production 85/100Mitochondrial-targeting antioxidant 80/100

Neuroprotection & cognitive (6)

Exerts neuroprotective effects in spinal cord injury models 95/100Neuroprotection 80/100Slows ellipsoid zone attenuation in dry AMD 75/100Reduces anxiety-like behavior 60/100Supports brain health 60/100Reduces anxiety-like behavior without sedation 60/100

Renal & hepatic (4)

Protects against age-related kidney injury and glomerulopathy 90/100Ameliorates kidney disease 85/100SS-31 improves ejection fraction and reduces renal injury markers 80/100Renal Protection 80/100

Immune modulation (3)

Improves number and function of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells 85/100Increases seroconversion rates for influenza vaccination in elderly 85/100Strengthens immunity 85/100

Musculoskeletal (2)

Speeds muscle recovery 95/100· 4 srcImproves knee extensor strength in Barth syndrome 85/100

Cytoprotection / cellular defense (2)

Protects hematopoietic system from ionizing radiation damage 85/100Elevates survival rate in lethally irradiated mice 85/100

Performance & recovery (2)

Improved exercise tolerance / 6-minute walk test 75/100Improved exercise capacity 75/100

Other Benefits (6)

Treatment of Barth Syndrome 90/100· 2 srcReverses visual decline in diabetic retinopathy models 95/100Boosts collagen production 85/100Reduces inflammation 80/100Helps regulate blood sugar 80/100Restores pulsatile growth hormone secretion 80/100
SS-31 — longevity

How People Use It

Under the skin

  • 2mL Bacteriostatic Water per 5mg vial

For research purposes only. Not medical advice. Talk to a doctor before use.

Get SS-31 for Your Research

Compare research-grade suppliers with third-party COAs and published purity data. For in-vitro and laboratory research use only — not for human consumption, diagnosis, or treatment.

Find SS-31 Research Suppliers
Tested purity COA available Fast shipping
Technical Details & Research (click to expand)

Known Side Effects

All Dosing Protocols

Subcutaneous Injection — SubQ 95/100

Research Citations (69)

  • Efficacy and Safety of Elamipretide in Individuals With Primary Mitochondrial Myopathy: The MMPOWER-3 Randomized Clinical Trial

    2023 95/100
    Source

  • The MIC-1/GDF15-GFRAL Pathway in Energy Homeostasis: Implications for Obesity, Cachexia, and Other Associated Diseases

    2018 90/100
    Source

  • The GDF15-GFRAL Pathway in Health and Metabolic Disease: Friend or Foe?

    2021 90/100
    Source

  • GDF15 research from bench to bedside

    2024 90/100
    Source

  • The cardiolipin-binding peptide elamipretide mitigates fragmentation of cristae networks following cardiac ischemia reperfusion in rats

    2020 85/100
    Source

  • First-in-class cardiolipin-protective compound as a therapeutic agent to restore mitochondrial bioenergetics

    90/100
    Source

  • The mitochondrial-targeted compound SS-31 re-energizes ischemic mitochondria by interacting with cardiolipin

    90/100
    Source

  • Mitochondrial protein interaction landscape of SS-31

    90/100
    Source

  • SS-31, a mitochondria-targeting peptide, ameliorates kidney disease

    90/100
    Source

  • Elamipretide: A review of its structure, mechanism of action, and therapeutic potential

    90/100
    Source

  • Karaa et al., Neurology (2018) MMPOWER-2 Phase 2 elamipretide in mitochondrial myopathy

    95/100
    Source

  • Reid Thompson et al., J Am Coll Cardiol (2021) TAZPOWER elamipretide in Barth syndrome

    95/100
    Source

  • Chavez et al., PNAS (2020) SS-31 mitochondrial protein interaction landscape

    95/100
    Source

  • Mitochondria-targeted peptide SS-31 attenuates renal injury via an antioxidant effect in diabetic nephropathy.

    95/100
    Source

  • The mitochondrial-targeted peptide, SS-31, improves glomerular architecture in mice of advanced age.

    95/100
    Source

History & Milestones

Key moments in SS-31’s research and regulatory timeline — sourced and dated.

  1. GDF15 research from bench to bedsidePublicationJan 1, 2024
    90/100↗ source
  2. Efficacy and Safety of Elamipretide in Individuals With Primary Mitochondrial Myopathy: The MMPOWER-3 Randomized Clinical TrialPublicationJan 1, 2023
    95/100↗ source
  3. The GDF15-GFRAL Pathway in Health and Metabolic Disease: Friend or Foe?PublicationJan 1, 2021
    90/100↗ source
  4. The cardiolipin-binding peptide elamipretide mitigates fragmentation of cristae networks following cardiac ischemia reperfusion in ratsPublicationJan 1, 2020
    85/100↗ source
  5. The MIC-1/GDF15-GFRAL Pathway in Energy Homeostasis: Implications for Obesity, Cachexia, and Other Associated DiseasesPublicationJan 1, 2018
    90/100↗ source

Free: The Peptide Stack Cheat-Sheet

The most-used peptide combinations, dosing at a glance, and what the research says — one page, one email.

No spam. Unsubscribe anytime.

Related on The Health Stacks

Explore by goal

Longevity & Aging-Research Peptides

Related peptides

NAD+5-Amino-1MQEpitalon

Compare

SS-31 vs BPC-157