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Thymosin Alpha-1 — immune

Thymosin Alpha-1

Thymosin Alpha-1

Also called: Thymalfasin, Thymosin, Zadaxin

By The Health Stacks Research TeamUpdated July 28, 2026

Compounding pharmacies create customized peptide medications (like BPC-157, Thymosin Alpha-1, Semaglutide, and Tirzepatide) in specific dosages when commercial options are unavailable.

Under Section 503A, traditional pharmacies prepare patient-specific prescriptions, while 503B outsourcing facilities can produce larger batches for healthcare facilities.

Due to recent drug shortages, peptides like semaglutide and tirzepatide have been widely compounded, though the FDA is actively tightening enforcement as shortages resolve. Consumers seeking compounded peptides should verify state licenses, request Certificates of Analysis (COAs), and ensure a valid prescription process.

Research-stageEarly-stage — studied in cell or animal models, not yet tested in humans. Verified confidence80–100 — backed by strong, well-corroborated sources (peer-reviewed research, clinical guidelines). Our highest confidence tier.
Where to Source Thymosin Alpha-1
Tested purity COA available Fast shipping

What Thymosin Alpha-1 Helps With

The benefits people report — backed by research.

Immune modulation (54)

Strengthens immunity 95/100· 6 srcPromotes T-cell maturation and dendritic-cell activity; immunomodulatoryReduction of Mortality in Severe Sepsis 85/100· 5 srcAugmentation of influenza antibody response in elderly 80/100· 4 srcAugmentation of Influenza Antibody Response 80/100· 2 srcIncreases CD4+ T cell percentages 95/100Improves CD4+/CD8+ ratio 95/100Enhances cell-mediated immunity 85/100Restoration of thymic functions in thymic-deprived or immunodeprived animals 85/100Improves immunogenicity of the influenza vaccine 85/100Enhancement of T-cell maturation and differentiation 85/100Restoration of thymic function and T-cell repertoire diversity 85/100Enhances T-cell, dendritic cell, and antibody responses 85/100Acts as an enhancer for vaccine response 85/100Mitigates chemotherapy-induced immunosuppression and lymphocyte depletion 85/100Promotes dendritic cell maturation and antiviral lymphocyte activation 85/100Restores NK cell cytotoxicity and CD8+ T-cell activity in immunocompromised states 85/100Toll-Like Receptor Activation 85/100Improves T-Cell and Dendritic Cell Function 85/100T-cell modulation and dendritic cell activation 85/100Immunoregulation via increased CD3+, CD4+, NK-cells and decreased CD8+, Th17, Treg lymphocytes 85/100Thymosin Alpha-1 enhances T-cell maturation, dendritic cell function, and natural killer cell activity 85/100Promotes regulatory T cell expansion 85/100Adjunct support in cancer immunotherapy 85/100Enhancement of vaccine effectiveness 85/100Enhanced T-cell maturation and function 85/100Improved dendritic cell activity 85/100Increased natural killer cell cytotoxicity 85/100Augmented vaccine responses 85/100Vaccine Adjuvant 85/100Regulation of Natural Killer cells and dendritic cells 85/100Immunomodulation and T-cell maturation 85/100Promotes T-cell maturation and functional activity 85/100Enhances dendritic cell activation via TLR signaling 85/100Increases Natural Killer cell cytotoxicity 85/100Immunomodulation 85/100Increased T-cell and natural killer cell activity 85/100Speeds recovery 85/100Adjunct in Oncology and Immuno-Oncology 80/100Sepsis Treatment and Immunosuppression 80/100Enhances antibody seroconversion when used as influenza vaccine adjuvant in elderly 80/100Reduces Sepsis Mortality 80/100Enhances phagocyte activity 80/100Adjunctive Cancer Immunotherapy 80/100Reprogramming of tumor-associated macrophages 75/100Vaccine response enhancement in elderly 75/100Treatment of severe sepsis 75/100Severe sepsis treatment 75/100Enhanced T-cell function 70/100Reversal of M2 polarization of tumor-associated macrophages 70/100Improves disease control rate in advanced solid tumors when combined with chemotherapy/immunotherapy 70/100Cancer Immunotherapy Adjunct 70/100T cell maturation and development 60/100Adjuvant activity for vaccine responses 60/100Enhances innate immunity via tuftsin-derived mechanism 60/100

Antimicrobial & antiviral (32)

Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis B 85/100· 7 srcTreatment of Chronic Hepatitis B and C 90/100· 2 srcTreatment of Hepatitis B 90/100· 2 srcTreatment of Hepatitis C 85/100· 2 srcPotential adjunct treatment for bacterial keratitis 80/100· 2 srcTreatment of Chronic Hepatitis C 90/100Reduces incidence of extrapancreatic infections 90/100Antimicrobial activity 85/100Increases CD4+ count and stimulates function of CD4+ cells in HIV patients 85/100Decreases viral load in HIV patients 85/100Significantly increases levels of sjTREC in patients with advanced HIV disease 85/100Reduces serum ALT levels in chronic hepatitis B 85/100Disappearance of serum HBV DNA in chronic hepatitis B 85/100Enhances bacterial killing 85/100Antiviral Potential 85/100Improves sustained virologic response in chronic hepatitis B and C 85/100Hepatitis B Viral Clearance 85/100Enhanced Hepatitis C Response with Interferon 85/100Treatment of chronic viral infections 85/100Treatment of viral infections 85/100Antiviral support 85/100Antiviral effects 85/100Antifungal Th1 resistance activation 85/100Antiviral and antitumour activity support 82/100Adjunct for Chronic Hepatitis C 80/100Sustained virologic response in chronic Hepatitis B 80/100Reduced mortality in moderate-to-critical COVID-19 80/100Antiviral support in Hepatitis B/C models 80/100Antifungal resistance 80/100Antifungal Resistance Activation 80/100Reduction in mortality 75/100Antiviral activity against hepatitis B and C 75/100

Tissue & wound healing (19)

Heals wounds faster 95/100· 6 srcTissue repair and regeneration 95/100· 3 srcPromotes healing of chronic nonhealing neurotrophic corneal epithelial defects 85/100· 3 srcBoosts collagen production 85/100· 3 srcImproves cardiac function and alters scar formation after coronary artery ligation 95/100Stimulates laminin-5 production 90/100Boosts blood flow to injuries 90/100Tissue Repair & Regeneration via Actin Sequestration 90/100Cardiac tissue repair / Cardiomyocyte survival 90/100Reduction of corneal fluorescein staining 85/100Reduces inflammation 85/100Accelerates corneal epithelial growth 85/100Promotes corneal epithelial and stromal defect healing 85/100Reduces corneal opacity and edema 85/100Corneal Repair 85/100Promotes cellular repair and tissue regeneration via G-actin sequestration 85/100Tissue repair via actin regulation and cell migration 80/100Repair and remodeling of ulcerated tissues and solid organs following hypoxic injuries 75/100Reduces ocular irritation 70/100

Cytoprotection / cellular defense (17)

Molecular switcher of ferroptosis 95/100· 2 srcIncreases CFTR maturation, stability and activity 95/100· 2 srcPrevents G-actin from joining a filament 95/100· 2 srcRescues p.Phe508del-CFTR functional activity 95/100Maintains pool of monomeric actin within cells 95/100Maintains pool of monomeric actin 95/100Modulates cellular proteostasis 90/100Reduces APACHE II score 90/100Actin polymerization regulation / Cytoskeletal organization 90/100Promotes cell survival 85/100Significant decrease in mortality due to multiple organ failure in patients with sepsis 85/100Protects your cells 85/100Actin Sequestration and Cytoskeletal Regulation 85/100Modulates genomic stability and DNA repair 85/100Regulates actin dynamics and cytoskeletal architecture 85/100Negative regulation of programmed cell death / apoptotic process 85/100Potential repair functions for pathophysiologic sequelae associated with actin toxicity and septic shock 70/100

Neuroprotection & cognitive (15)

Reduces stress-induced neural hyperactivity and stabilizes neuronal excitability 85/100· 3 srcProtects motor neurons from chemotoxic stress and maintains peripheral nerve structure 85/100· 3 srcModulates Sonic hedgehog signaling to maintain neural stem cell niches 85/100· 2 srcPotentiates normal chloride channel activity 90/100Neuroprotection and Neurogenesis 85/100Promotes neurogenesis and neural progenitor differentiation 85/100Maintains neural stem cell niches and promotes axonal regrowth 85/100Induces neural progenitor differentiation and survival 85/100Induces neural progenitor differentiation and survival via microRNA-200a 85/100Supports brain health 85/100Reduces psychological stress 80/100Improves sleep 75/100DSIP reduces stress-induced neural hyperactivity and stabilizes neuronal excitability 75/100IGF-1 protects motor neurons from chemotoxic stress and maintains peripheral nerve structure 75/100Reduces stress and anxiety 70/100

Cardiovascular & vascular (14)

Boosts blood flow to injuries 95/100· 3 srcAngiogenic stimulation 95/100Essential for coronary vessel development 95/100Stimulates outgrowth from quiescent adult epicardial explants, restoring pluripotency 95/100Enhances survival of embryonic and postnatal cardiomyocytes 95/100Promotes cardiac healing and cardiomyocyte survival after myocardial infarction 90/100Protects against ischemia reperfusion injuries in cardiac tissue via mitochondrial preservation 90/100Cardiac protection 85/100Proangiogenic Signaling 85/100Preserves cardiac function post-myocardial infarction 85/100Protecting the heart / Cardiac repair 85/100Proangiogenic Activity 80/100Reactivates dormant epicardial progenitor cells in adult hearts following ischemic injury 80/100Cardioprotection and heart function repair 75/100

Anti-inflammatory (10)

Reduces inflammation 95/100· 4 srcStrengthens immunity 90/100Reduces C-reactive protein 90/100Increases cytokine production 85/100Reduces inflammatory mediators and cell infiltrates 85/100Modulation of sputum cytokines 85/100Reduces inflammatory cytokines 85/100Induction of proinflammatory cytokine release 85/100Bidirectional cytokine modulation 85/100Modulates CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ Treg cells and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels 80/100

Cancer / tumor (10)

Improves clinical efficacy when combined with multi-modality chemotherapy 85/100· 3 srcCancer treatment support 80/100· 2 srcClinical applications in cancer 90/100Biological activities related to cancer 85/100Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Survival Improvement 85/100Improves antitumour efficacy and progression-free survival in lung cancer models 85/100Cancer Adjunct Therapy 80/100Adjunct enhancement of cancer therapy responses 80/100Adjunct cancer treatment 80/100Adjunctive treatment for cancer 70/100

Musculoskeletal (9)

Enhanced Osteoblast Adhesion and Proliferation 85/100· 2 srcSpeeds muscle recovery 85/100· 2 srcBinds at the barbed and pointed faces of G-actin 95/100Reorganizes cytoskeletal architecture and influences MSC behavior 85/100Repairs tendons and ligaments 85/100Cytoskeleton remodeling 85/100Anti-Arthritic Properties 75/100Reduces severity of arthritis and arthritic symptoms 75/100Improves serum albumin, prealbumin and transferrin levels after two weeks of intervention 65/100

Skin, hair & cosmetic (8)

Promotes dermal healing 95/100· 2 srcTreatment for dry eye disorders 85/100· 2 srcHair growth 85/100Improves signs and symptoms of dry eye 85/100Potential novel dry eye therapy 85/100Adjunct therapy in cancer 85/100Hair follicle stem cell activation 85/100Improves skin health 80/100

Antioxidant / oxidative stress (6)

Endogenous iron chelator 95/100Decreases oxidative damage to tissues by amplifying activity of catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase 85/100Reduces tumor cell proliferation in human malignancies by decreasing oxidative stress 85/100Reduces oxidative damage to the pancreas and mitigates risk of resulting diabetes 85/100Reduction of oxidative stress 80/100Oxidative stress reduction via SOD and glutathione peroxidase 60/100

Anti-fibrotic (6)

Anti-fibrotic effects 90/100· 2 srcCorrects genetic and tissue defects in cystic fibrosis 90/100Reduction of fibrosis 85/100Reduces fibrosis 85/100Anti-fibrotic 85/100Anti-fibrotic properties 85/100

Glycemic & metabolic (6)

Improves clinical efficacy when combined with multi-modality chemotherapy for pulmonary tuberculosis complicated with diabetes 85/100· 2 srcEndogenous iron chelation 90/100Acts as a corrector of misfolded p.Phe508del-CFTR protein 90/100Improves clinical efficacy of multi-modality chemotherapy for pulmonary tuberculosis complicated with diabetes 85/100Improved clinical efficacy for pulmonary tuberculosis complicated with diabetes at 12 months 85/100Anti-hyperglycemic activity in type 2 diabetic mice expressing hIAPP 85/100

Gastrointestinal & gut (5)

Up-regulates genes involved in mucosal barrier protection 95/100Increases survival in CGD mice with colitis or aspergillosis 95/100Reduces inflammation 85/100Reduces disease severity in colitis models via PepT1 transport 85/100Heals gut issues 80/100

Anti-aging & longevity (4)

Multi-functional regenerative properties 95/100· 2 srcModulates genomic stability and DNA repair enzymes 85/100· 2 srcActivates stem and progenitor cells 85/100Longevity / Healthy Aging 60/100

Renal & hepatic (2)

Hepatocellular Carcinoma Survival Improvement 85/100Supports liver health 85/100

Reproductive & hormonal (1)

Secretion of luteinizing hormone-releasing factor 90/100

Other Benefits (6)

Wide range of biological activities 95/100Sequesters monomeric actin within cells 95/100Stimulates IL-2 receptor expression and IL-2 internalization 85/100Treatment of severe sepsis 85/100Reduces dry eye symptoms 85/100Vaccine Adjuvant / Enhancement 75/100

How People Use It

Under the skin

  • 1.6 mg (900 µg/m²) subcutaneously twice a week for 6 to 12 months
  • 1.6 mg — Immune adjuvant in chronic hepatitis B

For research purposes only. Not medical advice. Talk to a doctor before use.

Get Thymosin Alpha-1 for Your Research

Compare research-grade suppliers with third-party COAs and published purity data. For in-vitro and laboratory research use only — not for human consumption, diagnosis, or treatment.

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Technical Details & Research (click to expand)

Mechanism of Action

Thymosin alpha-1 (thymalfasin) is a 28-amino-acid thymic peptide immunomodulator that enhances T-cell maturation/function and dendritic-cell activity, and modulates cytokines. It is approved (as Zadaxin) in 35+ countries as an immune adjuvant for chronic hepatitis B; in the US it holds FDA orphan-drug designation only and is not FDA-approved.

Known Side Effects

All Dosing Protocols

Clinical Hepatitis Protocol — SubQ 95/100
Zadaxin (approved abroad; not US-FDA-approved) — SubQ · 1.6 mg 80/100

Research Citations (350)

  • Thymosin alpha 1: A comprehensive review of the literature

    Review2020 Key study 84/100
    Source

  • FDA orphan drug designation - Thymosin Alpha-1 (Ta1)

    Guideline2023 85/100
    Source

  • Thymosin alpha 1: A comprehensive review of the literature

    2020 90/100
    Source

  • Thymosin alpha1: a historical overview

    2007 90/100
    Source

  • Thymosin activity in patients with cellular immunodeficiency

    1975 90/100
    Source

  • From lab to bedside: emerging clinical applications of thymosin alpha 1

    2009 90/100
    Source

  • Thymosin alpha1 use in adult COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis on clinical outcomes

    2023 90/100
    Source

  • The efficacy of thymosin alpha-1 therapy in moderate to critical COVID-19 patients

    2023 90/100
    Source

  • Thymosin alpha 1 in the treatment of cancer: from basic research to clinical application

    2000 90/100
    Source

  • Thymosin β4: a multi-functional regenerative peptide. Basic properties and clinical applications.

    2012 95/100
    Source

  • Thymosin β4 limits inflammation through autophagy.

    2018 95/100
    Source

  • Thymosin β4 and the anti-fibrotic switch.

    2023 95/100
    Source

  • Clinical applications of thymosin alpha-1.

    1994 95/100
    Source

  • Thymosin β4 Promotes Dermal Healing.

    2016 95/100
    Source

  • Cellular proteostasis: a new twist in the action of thymosin α1

    2018 95/100
    Source

History & Milestones

Key moments in Thymosin Alpha-1’s research and regulatory timeline — sourced and dated.

  1. Thymosin β4 and β10 Expression in Human Organs during Development: A Review.PublicationJan 1, 2024
    95/100↗ source
  2. Thymosin alpha1 use in adult COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis on clinical outcomesPublicationJan 1, 2023
    90/100↗ source
  3. The efficacy of thymosin alpha-1 therapy in moderate to critical COVID-19 patientsPublicationJan 1, 2023
    90/100↗ source
  4. Thymosin β4 and the anti-fibrotic switch.PublicationJan 1, 2023
    95/100↗ source
  5. Thymosins in health & disease, the sixth international symposiumPublicationJan 1, 2023
    85/100↗ source
  6. Thymosin beta 4: A potential novel adjunct treatment for bacterial keratitis.PublicationJan 1, 2023
    95/100↗ source
  7. Cell starvation increases uptake of extracellular Thymosin β4 and its complexes with calciumPublicationJan 1, 2023
    95/100↗ source
  8. Thymosin β4 Is an Endogenous Iron Chelator and Molecular Switcher of FerroptosisPublicationJan 1, 2022
    95/100↗ source
  9. Thymosin alpha 1: A comprehensive review of the literaturePublicationJan 1, 2020
    90/100↗ source
  10. Thymosin β4 limits inflammation through autophagy.PublicationJan 1, 2018
    95/100↗ source
  11. Cellular proteostasis: a new twist in the action of thymosin α1PublicationJan 1, 2018
    95/100↗ source
  12. Thymosin beta 4 and the eye: the journey from bench to bedside.PublicationJan 1, 2018
    95/100↗ source
  13. Cryptides: latent peptides everywhere.PublicationJan 1, 2018
    95/100↗ source
  14. Thymosin β4 Promotes Dermal Healing.PublicationJan 1, 2016
    95/100↗ source
  15. Thymosin Beta 4: A Potential Novel Therapy for Neurotrophic Keratopathy, Dry Eye, and Ocular Surface Diseases.PublicationJan 1, 2016
    95/100↗ source
  16. Proteomics applied to pediatric medicine: opportunities and challenges.PublicationJan 1, 2016
    95/100↗ source
  17. High-resolution mass spectrometry for thymosins detection and characterizationPublicationJan 1, 2015
    90/100↗ source
  18. Primary Mechanisms of Thymosin β4 Repair Activity in Dry Eye Disorders and Other Tissue Injuries.PublicationJan 1, 2015
    95/100↗ source
  19. Laminin-111-derived peptides and cancer.PublicationJan 1, 2013
    90/100↗ source
  20. Thymosin β4: a multi-functional regenerative peptide. Basic properties and clinical applications.PublicationJan 1, 2012
    95/100↗ source
  21. Thymosin β4: a potential novel dry eye therapy.PublicationJan 1, 2012
    95/100↗ source
  22. Biotechnological implications of the salivary proteome.PublicationJan 1, 2011
    95/100↗ source
  23. Potential applications of human saliva as diagnostic fluid.PublicationJan 1, 2011
    95/100↗ source
  24. Thymosin beta4 and its posttranslational modificationsPublicationJan 1, 2010
    95/100↗ source
  25. Thymosin beta4 and corneal wound healing: visions of the future.PublicationJan 1, 2010
    95/100↗ source
  26. Biological activities of thymosin beta4 defined by active sites in short peptide sequences.PublicationJan 1, 2010
    95/100↗ source
  27. Treatment of chronic nonhealing neurotrophic corneal epithelial defects with thymosin beta4.PublicationJan 1, 2010
    95/100↗ source
  28. Repolymerization of actin from actin:thymosin beta4 complex induced by diaphanous related formins and gelsolinPublicationJan 1, 2010
    95/100↗ source
  29. From lab to bedside: emerging clinical applications of thymosin alpha 1PublicationJan 1, 2009
    90/100↗ source
  30. The beta-thymosins: intracellular and extracellular activities of a versatile actin binding protein familyPublicationJan 1, 2009
    95/100↗ source
  31. Angiogenic laminin-derived peptides stimulate wound healingPublicationJan 1, 2008
    95/100↗ source
  32. Thymosin alpha1: a historical overviewPublicationJan 1, 2007
    90/100↗ source
  33. beta-ThymosinsPublicationJan 1, 2007
    95/100↗ source
  34. Thymosin beta-4 and the eye: I can see clearly now the pain is gonePublicationJan 1, 2007
    95/100↗ source
  35. Matrix metalloproteinase activity is necessary for thymosin beta 4 promotion of epithelial cell migrationPublicationJan 1, 2007
    90/100↗ source
  36. Thymosin beta4 inhibits benzalkonium chloride-mediated apoptosis in corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells in vitroPublicationJan 1, 2006
    90/100↗ source
  37. Thymosin beta4: actin-sequestering protein moonlights to repair injured tissuesPublicationJan 1, 2005
    95/100↗ source
  38. Thymosin beta 4 stimulates laminin-5 production independent of TGF-betaPublicationJan 1, 2004
    90/100↗ source
  39. The thymosins. Prothymosin alpha, parathymosin, and beta-thymosins: structure and functionPublicationJan 1, 2003
    95/100↗ source
  40. Thymosin beta4 promotes human conjunctival epithelial cell migrationPublicationJan 1, 2002
    90/100↗ source
  41. beta-Thymosins, small acidic peptides with multiple functionsPublicationJan 1, 2001
    95/100↗ source
  42. Thymosin alpha 1 in the treatment of cancer: from basic research to clinical applicationPublicationJan 1, 2000
    90/100↗ source
  43. Thymosin beta4 accelerates wound healingPublicationJan 1, 1999
    86/100↗ source
  44. Identification of endothelial cell binding sites on the laminin gamma 1 chainPublicationJan 1, 1999
    95/100↗ source
  45. Thymosin beta 4 stimulates directional migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cellsPublicationJan 1, 1997
    95/100↗ source
  46. The lamininsPublicationJan 1, 1996
    95/100↗ source
  47. Clinical applications of thymosin alpha-1.PublicationJan 1, 1994
    95/100↗ source
  48. Prothymosin alpha in human bloodPublicationJan 1, 1987
    95/100↗ source
  49. Thymosin beta 4-like peptidesPublicationJan 1, 1985
    95/100↗ source
  50. Thymosin beta 4PublicationJan 1, 1985
    95/100↗ source
  51. Thymic hormones: an overviewPublicationJan 1, 1985
    95/100↗ source
  52. Thymosins: structure, function and therapeutic applicationsPublicationJan 1, 1984
    95/100↗ source
  53. Thymosin beta arg10, a major variant of thymosin beta 10 in rabbit tissuesPublicationJan 1, 1983
    95/100↗ source
  54. Chemical characterization of thymosin beta 4PublicationJan 1, 1982
    95/100↗ source
  55. Current status of thymosin and other hormones of the thymus glandPublicationJan 1, 1981
    95/100↗ source
  56. Thymosin stimulates secretion of luteinizing hormone-releasing factorPublicationJan 1, 1981
    95/100↗ source
  57. Thymosin activity in patients with cellular immunodeficiencyPublicationJan 1, 1975
    90/100↗ source

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