This review describes neuropeptide Y as a 36-amino-acid peptide with stress-relieving, anxiolytic, and neuroprotective properties, acting largely via Y1 (anxiolytic) and Y2 (anxiogenic) receptors within the amygdala-hippocampus network. It presents evidence that stress alters NPY expression depending on stressor type, duration, and brain region, and that higher cerebral NPY correlates with stress resilience in animal PTSD models and human studies. It also covers NPY's neuroprotective role in neurodegenerative disease and intranasal NPY delivery as a PTSD therapeutic strategy.
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